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从“犯罪标签”到“社会回归”：积极刑法观下轻微犯罪记录封存制度的体系化构建

From “Criminal Label” to “Social Reintegration”: The Systematic Construction of a Minor Criminal Record Sealing System under a Positive View of Criminal Law

黄清

Criminal Justice Science & Governance / 2026,7(1): 98-115 / 2026-07-14 37 14

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• Information:

  广东省广州市人民检察院，广州

• Keywords:
  Sealing of minor criminal records; Criminal records; Expungement of criminal records; Collateral consequences of conviction; Criminal governance
  轻微犯罪记录封存; 犯罪记录; 前科消灭; 犯罪附随后果; 犯罪治理
• Abstract: The establishment of a system for sealing minor criminal records should be guided by the concept of an integrated criminal justice framework as its underlying logic, adhere to the criminal policy of balancing leniency and severity in practice, and serve as a crucial bridge linking judicial and administrative procedures. The creation of this system is not only aimed at refining the governance framework for minor offenses with Chinese characteristics, but also focuses on addressing the issues of “inverted” and “overgeneralized” collateral consequences of crimes in judicial practice. Moreover, it draws insights and lessons from the judicial experience of sealing criminal records for minors. In terms of legislative design, the principle of “sealing wherever possible” should be established, accompanied by obligations of confidentiality and notification throughout the entire process. Based on China’s national conditions and crime structure, a “two-step” implementation plan should be adopted to gradually expand its scope of application. The sealing of records can be initiated either by authorities ex officio or upon application, with decisions taking effect immediately upon issuance and without any probationary period. The effectiveness of this system is directly reflected in guiding and regulating the issuance of non-criminal record certificates by public security authorities. Those who violate their obligations or improperly disclose sealed information shall be held legally accountable in accordance with the law. Stringent rules for inquiry and unsealing should be refined, with clearly defined exceptions, and a relief mechanism integrating appeals, corrections, and prosecutorial supervision should be established. Supporting safeguard mechanisms should also be put in place to ensure the consistency and coordination of the legal normative system. 轻微犯罪记录封存制度的构建，应以刑事一体化理念为整合逻辑，以宽严相济刑事政策为实践遵循，在司法行政衔接中发挥关键桥梁作用。该制度的设立，不仅立足于完善中国特色轻罪治理体系，也着眼于解决司法实践中犯罪附随后果“倒挂”“泛化”的难题，更从未成年人犯罪记录封存的司法实践中汲取经验启示。立法设计上，应确立“应封尽封”原则，履行全程保密与告知义务。应立足我国国情及犯罪结构，采用“两步走”方案，逐步扩大适用范围。封存既可依职权主动发起，也可依申请启动，决定一经作出立即生效，且不设考验期。该制度效力直接体现为引导和约束公安机关无犯罪记录证明的开具行为。对违反义务或不当泄露信息者，应依法追究其法律责任。应健全严格的查询与解封规则，明确限定排除适用情形，并构建申诉、更正与检察监督相互衔接的救济体系。配套相关保障机制，确保法律规范体系统一协调。
• DOI: 10.35534/cjsg.0701010
• Cite: 黄清．从“犯罪标签”到“社会回归”：积极刑法观下轻微犯罪记录封存制度的体系化构建［J］．刑事司法科学与治理，2026，7（1）：98-115．