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网络诈骗案件中跨境电子数据取证问题的三种模式及其反思

Three Models of Cross-border Electronic Data Forensics in Network Fraud Cases and Their Reflections

黄焜

Criminal Justice Science & Governance / 2026,7(1): 41-54 / 2026-07-14 14 6

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• Information:

  中南财经政法大学刑事司法学院，武汉

• Keywords:
  Internet fraud; Electronic data forensics; Cross-border evidence collection; Judicial assistance
  网络诈骗; 电子数据取证; 跨境取证; 司法协助
• Abstract: In recent years, with the development of information technology, cyber fraud crimes show a spatial characteristic of bidirectional linkage between domestic and overseas, online and offline activities. The means of committing such crimes are strongly influenced by the times and are accompanied by a large number of dark and gray industries. Featuring technicality, concealment, cross-border nature, and industrialization, posing new challenges to electronic data forensics. Electronic data is crucial for the conviction and sentencing of such cases. Whether this evidence can be effectively collected, fixed, and analyzed is related to the quality and speed of judicial activities. Currently, the main types of cross-border electronic data retrieval methods involved in cyber fraud crimes in China are as follows: First, the judicial assistance model based on bilateral or multilateral agreements, which emphasizes procedural compliance and respect for sovereignty, but has problems of long cycles and low efficiency; second, the unilateral evidence collection model, where investigative authorities directly obtain overseas data using technical means, which improves efficiency but is prone to disputes over sovereignty and legality; third, the third-party platform evidence collection model relying on enterprise collaboration, which provides data support through technology companies and is relatively flexible in practical operations, but is subject to platform policies and user privacy protection boundaries. Therefore, based on the characteristics of cross-domain and chain-like network fraud crimes, a systematic review of the content, features, and practical dilemmas of the three forensics modes reveals that the traditional judicial assistance mode cannot meet the timeliness requirements of electronic evidence. Unilateral evidence collection faces legal challenges, while third-party evidence collection involves trade-offs between the interests of law enforcement agencies and electronic data security. In the future, further research is needed to establish a comprehensive plan for improving evidence collection rules based on the principles of mutual trust in technical standards and cooperation and communication, promoting the application of electronic data evidence within a legal, convenient, and shared system, in order to adapt to the increasingly serious demands of handling cyber and telecommunication fraud cases. 近年来，随着信息技术的迅速发展，网络诈骗犯罪呈现境内境外、线上线下双向联动的空间特征。此类犯罪作案手段具有强烈的时代性，并依附着大量黑灰产业，其以技术性、隐蔽性、跨境性和产业化为主要特点，给电子数据取证带来新的挑战。电子数据是该类案件定罪量刑的关键，这些证据能否有效收集、固定及分析，关系到司法活动的质量及效率。当前，我国网络诈骗犯罪中涉及的电子数据跨境调取方式有以下几种类型：一是基于双边或多边协定的司法协助模式，强调程序合规与主权尊重，但存在周期长、效率低的问题；二是单边取证模式，即侦查机关利用技术手段直接获取境外数据，虽提升办案效率，却易引发主权与合法性争议；三是依托企业协作的第三方平台取证模式，通过科技公司提供数据支持，在实操中较为灵活，但受制于平台政策与用户隐私保护边界。在结合当前网络诈骗犯罪跨域化、链条化的特征基础上，本文对上述三种电子数据取证模式的内容、特点，并对实践中面临的困境进行了系统梳理，发现传统的司法协助模式无法满足电子证据的及时性需求，单方取证存在合法性难题、第三方取证则面临执法机关利益和电子数据安全之间的权衡等问题。未来需要进一步研究建立以技术标准互信、合作交流为原则的证据收集规则完善方案，促使电子数据证据在合法、便捷及共享体系下规范应用，以适应日趋严重的网络电信诈骗案件处理需求。
• DOI: 10.35534/cjsg.0701005
• Cite: 黄焜．网络诈骗案件中跨境电子数据取证问题的三种模式及其反思［J］．刑事司法科学与治理，2026，7（1）：41-54．