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制药工业废水有机污染物降解技术的研究进展：效率、机制与应用挑战

Advances in Organic Pollutant Degradation Technologies for Pharmaceutical Wastewater: Efficiency, Mechanistic Pathways, and Challenges in Application

Environment and Resource / 2025,7(1): 98-117 / 2025-09-10 6 3

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• Authors: 刘陈莉 石果 马骏钊
• Information:

  太极集团重庆涪陵制药厂有限公司，重庆

• Keywords:
  Pharmaceutical wastewater; Organic pollutants; Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); Biological treatment; Combined/hybrid processes
  制药废水; 有机污染物; 高级氧化（AOPs）; 生物处理; 联合耦合工艺
• Abstract: In response to the “dual carbon” strategy and stringent emission regulations, this paper systematically reviews the water quality characteristics (high salinity, high toxicity, low biodegradability, and compositional variability) and environmental behaviors (persistence, bioaccumulation, and cross-media migration) of organic pollutants in pharmaceutical wastewater, along with their main degradation pathways (oxidation/reduction, •OH and SO₄•⁻ radical oxidation, direct microbial metabolism, and co-metabolism). Particular attention is given to the identification of intermediate products and the assessment of toxicity variations. The applicability and engineering performance of physicochemical methods (adsorption, ozonation/Fenton, photocatalysis, electrochemical), biological methods (aerobic/anaerobic, MBR/ MBBR, enhanced microbial consortia), and combined/hybrid processes (photo Fenton, ozone–biological, electro-biological, AOPs+MBR) are compared: physicochemical methods exhibit rapid reactions but limited mineralization and high costs; biological methods are more economical but constrained by bacteriostatic effects and hydraulic retention time (HRT); hybrid processes integrate biodegradability improvement with advanced mineralization, achieving typical COD and TOC removal rates of approximately 85–95% and 80–90%, respectively, with particularly high removal of antibiotics and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). The identified bottlenecks include process instability under high-salinity and high-toxicity conditions, toxicity shifts induced by AOPs and insufficient monitoring of intermediates, challenges in multi-unit synergy and intelligent control, as well as limitations posed by energy and reagent consumption under low-carbon constraints. Looking forward, future sustainable pathways are proposed, characterized by intelligent catalysis and anti-fouling membrane materials, salt- and toxin-tolerant functional microbial consortia driven by synthetic biology, online toxicity and non-target high-resolution monitoring, and the integration of digital twins with adaptive control to achieve low-energy, resource-recoverable, and sustainable solutions. 本文针对“双碳”与严格排放背景，对制药工业废水中有机污染物的水质特性（高盐、高毒性、低可生化性、成分波动）和环境行为（持久性、生物积累、跨介质迁移），以及主要降解途径（氧化/还原、•OH与SO4•⁻自由基氧化、微生物直接代谢与共代谢）进行系统综述，并且特别指出需关注中间产物识别和毒性变化的评价。对比物理化学法（吸附、臭氧/Fenton、光催化、电化学）和生物法（好/厌氧、MBR/MBBR、强化菌群）以及联合耦合工艺（光-Fenton、臭氧—生物、电-生物、AOPs+MBR）的适用性与工程表现：物化法反应快但矿化受限，成本高；生物法经济但受抑菌和HRT制约；耦合工艺结合可生化性和深度矿化，典型COD和TOC去除可达约85%~95%和80%~90%，抗生素和EDCs去除更显著。识别的瓶颈有高盐高毒条件下的工艺失稳，AOPs诱发的毒性转移和中间产物监控不足，多单元协同及智能控制难题，能耗和药剂消耗对低碳的限制，展望未来，提出以智能催化和抗污染膜材料，耐盐耐毒和合成生物学驱动功能菌群，在线毒性和非靶向高分辨检测，数字孪生和自适应控制为特色的低能耗，可资源化，可持续的路径。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/er.0701008
• Cite: 刘陈莉，石果，马骏钊．制药工业废水有机污染物降解技术的研究进展：效率、机制与应用挑战［J］．环境与资源，2025，7（1）：98-117.