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现代珊瑚礁沉积特征及沉积模式综述及其对古老生物礁油气藏的指示意义

Review on Sedimentary Characteristics and Sedimentary Models of Modern Coral Reefs and Their Implications for Ancient Biogenic Reef Oil-Gas Reservoirs

Environment and Resource / 2025,7(2): 317-327 / 2025-12-30 8 9

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• Authors: 易娟子¹ 王泽罡² 陈守春¹ 周小艺² 刘菲¹ 黎冰² 徐露¹ 牟世豪² 罗妮娜¹ 敖翔² 程柑溶²
• Information:

  1. 中国石油西南油气田分公司重庆气矿，重庆；
  2. 重庆科技大学，重庆

• Keywords:
  Modern coral reefs; Sedimentary characteristics; Sedimentary models; Ancient biogenic reef oil-gas reservoirs
  现代珊瑚礁; 沉积特征; 沉积模式; 古老生物礁油气藏
• Abstract: As marine carbonate deposits formed by in-situ accumulation of reef-building and reef-dwelling organisms, biogenic reefs possess both wave-resistant structures and positive landforms. Their sedimentary characteristics and models are key bases for analyzing geological evolution and guiding oil-gas resource exploration. With the core goal of “serving the exploration of ancient biogenic reef oil-gas reservoirs”, this study was systematically conducted using a combination of literature review and petrological analysis of modern coral reefs. By sorting out typical modern coral reef cases from the Belize Barrier Reef, Great Barrier Reef (Australia), Xuande Atoll of the Xisha Islands, and Pacific reef areas, the classification basis and quantitative division criteria for three major rock types of biogenic reefs were clarified: reef framework rocks (dominated by reef-building organism skeletons), bafflestones (sediments trapped by biological residues), and boundstones (driven by algal binding). The vertical sedimentary sequence of “reef base - reef core - reef cap” for modern coral reefs was revealed; furthermore, combined with hydrodynamic conditions and paleogeomorphic settings, typical sedimentary models (e.g., fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls) were established. The coupling relationship between the biological assemblages (coral-algae-reef-dwelling organisms) of modern coral reefs and hydrodynamic environments, as well as the facies distribution patterns, were summarized. The results show that the petrological classification system, vertical sequence characteristics, and sedimentary models of modern coral reefs can provide direct references for the lithology identification, physical property prediction, and reservoir-forming condition evaluation of ancient biogenic reef reservoirs through the “present-to-past analogy” method. In addition, their facies distribution patterns and hydrodynamic response mechanisms can further guide the delineation of favorable exploration areas for ancient biogenic reef oil-gas reservoirs, thereby providing theoretical support and practical basis for the oil-gas exploration of ancient reef-beach bodies in marine carbonates. 生物礁作为造礁生物与附礁生物原地堆积形成、兼具抗浪结构与正向地貌的海相碳酸盐沉积体，其沉积特征与模式是分析地质演化、指导油气资源勘探的关键依据。本文以“服务古老生物礁油气藏勘探”为核心目标，采用文献调研法结合现代珊瑚礁岩石学特征分析，系统开展研究。通过梳理伯利兹大堡礁、澳大利亚大堡礁、西沙群岛宣德环礁与太平洋礁区典型现代珊瑚礁案例，明确了生物礁格架岩（造礁生物骨架主导）、障积岩（生物残体拦截沉积物）、粘结岩（藻粘结作用驱动）的分类依据与定量划分标准；揭示了现代珊瑚礁“礁基-礁核-礁盖”的垂向沉积序列，并结合水动力条件与古地貌背景，建立了岸礁、堡礁、环礁等典型沉积模式；总结出现代珊瑚礁生物组合（珊瑚-藻-附礁生物）与水动力环境的耦合关系及相带展布规律。研究结果表明，现代珊瑚礁的岩石学分类体系、垂向序列特征及沉积模式，可通过“将今论古”类比，为古老生物礁储层岩性识别、物性预测及成藏条件评价提供现今实例参照；其相带展布规律与水动力响应机制，能进一步指导古老生物礁油气藏的有利勘探区圈定，为海相碳酸盐岩古老礁滩体油气勘探提供理论支撑与实践依据。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/er.0702027 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 易娟子，王泽罡，陈守春，等．现代珊瑚礁沉积特征及沉积模式综述及其对古老生物礁油气藏的指示意义［J］．环境与资源，2025，7（2）：317-327.