Analysis on the Application of Organic Polymer Flocculants in Sludge Dewatering
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- Keywords: Organic Polymer; Flocculant; Sludge Dewatering; Inorganic Flocculant
- Abstract: With the rapid development of China's economy, the components of sewage discharged from industrial manufacturing and daily life have gradually become diversified, resulting in a large amount of sludge generated during the sewage treatment process. Sludge contains a large amount of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and metal elements. For sludge dewatering, organic polymer flocculants have demonstrated more outstanding dewatering performance compared with previous inorganic flocculants. Therefore, this paper mainly analyzes and studies the application of organic polymer flocculants in sludge dewatering, objectively expounds the application effects of different types of organic polymer flocculants in sludge dewatering in recent years, and how to select organic polymer flocculants. By summarizing their treatment methods, it can be concluded that the addition of cationic inorganic flocculants and the proportioning of organic polymer flocculants with a relatively high molecular content have more outstanding performance in the actual application of sludge dewatering.
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ERP Differences Between Literary and Non-literary Metaphors
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Authors:
Hongjun Chen Xiaoshuang Peng Qilin Lu and Huili Wang / Language and Cognitive Science / 2016,2(1): 27−53 / 2016-08-26
- Keywords: LPC; literary metaphor; metaphor neural mechanism; N400
- Abstract: In this work the distinction between literary and non-literary metaphor comprehension is addressed by neurophysiological methodology to further explore the neural mechanisms of metaphor processing and promote the understanding of the differences between literary and non-literary metaphors. We have used event-related potentials (ERPs) in experiments to examine whether differences in neural mechanisms exist between the two. Amplitudes of the N400 and the Late Positive Component (LPC) ERP components (350–400ms, 750–800ms respectively) were more negative for literary metaphors when compared with literal sentences and non-literary metaphors. This study has produced empirical evidence for the differences between literary metaphor and non-literary metaphor comprehension, which expands the relevant studies and possibly helps to advance the understanding of how metaphor in literature is employed.
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Neural Correlates of Chinese and Japanese Semantic Processing
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Authors:
Hengshuang Liu and S. H. Annabel Chen / Language and Cognitive Science / 2015,1(1): 77−107 / 2015-08-26
- Keywords: meta-analysis; neuroimaging; orthography; phonology; semantics
- Abstract: Semantic processing is the ultimate goal of language communication. Chinese characters and Japanese kanji both contain semantic clues in their semantic radicals, However, as Japanese is learned phonologically instead of morphologically nowadays, these clues may be more conducive to Chinese comprehension. It is therefore plausible that these inherent language differences could contribute to differential neural substrates but this has not been directly examined. To address this research gap, the current meta-analysis conducted direct contrasts between foci reported in published Chinese and Japanese fMRI studies to seek convergent activation across studies. It was found that Chinese evoked increased right hemispheric activation than Japanese, suggesting that semantic radicals might be more beneficial to Chinese than Japanese comprehension. The involvement of left supramarginal gyrus in spoken Japanese but not in spoken Chinese suggested that Japanese was processed more like alphabetic languages even though it is visually represented by characters. It might be further inferred that orthographic processing was essential for Chinese comprehension whereas phonological processing was more relevant for Japanese. The findings deepen our understanding of how linguistic characteristics shape our brains in processing semantics.
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