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支付结算型非法经营罪的争议问题研究——以第四方支付案件为例

Study on the Controversial Issues of Payment and Settlementbased Illegal Business Offenses — Taking the Case of Fourth-Party Payment as an Example

Criminal Justice Science & Governance / 2025,6(2): 95-103 / 2025-12-05 14 5

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• Authors: 廖一璇
• Information:

  中南财经政法大学刑事司法学院，武汉

• Keywords:
  Fourth-party payment; Illegal business offense; National regulations; Payment and settlement
  第四方支付; 非法经营罪; 国家规定; 支付结算业务
• Abstract: In fourth-party payment cases, judicial practice has not formed a unified standard for determining whether they constitute the crime of illegal business operation. It is necessary to accurately understand the two constituent elements of “violation of State regulations” and “payment and settlement business”. According to the relatively narrow interpretation, the effect level of the pre-existing law for the crime of illegal business operation involving “illegally engaging in capital payment and settlement business” is laws and administrative regulations. The essence of “violating state regulations” lies in violating the licensing provisions related to payment business. Among the four types of fourth-party payment platforms, the “two-clearing” mode is not simply compatible with different payment methods. Instead, it comes into contact with merchants’ funds, first aggregates the merchants’ funds, then settles the funds to the merchants, and actually engages in payment and settlement business without being able to obtain the Payment Business License. Among them, if the non-differentiated service-oriented and active operation-oriented “two-clearing” modes meet the element of “serious of circumstances”, they should constitute the crime of illegal business operation. 在第四方支付案件中，司法实践对其是否构成非法经营罪的认定标准不统一，有必要对“违反国家规定”和“支付结算业务”两个构成要件作准确理解。根据相对狭义说，“非法从事资金支付结算业务”型非法经营罪前置法的效力位阶为法律和行政法规，“违反国家规定”的实质是违反有关支付业务的特许规定。在第四方支付平台的四种类型中，“二清”模式并非单纯兼容不同支付方式，而是接触商户资金，先聚合商户的资金再将资金清算给商户，在不能取得《支付业务许可证》的情况下实际从事支付结算业务。其中，无差别服务型和主动经营型“二清”模式若满足“情节严重”的罪量要素，应当成立非法经营罪。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/cjsg.0602010
• Cite: 廖一璇．支付结算型非法经营罪的争议问题研究——以第四方支付案件为例［J］．刑事司法科学与治理，2025，6（2）：95-103．