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论民事诉讼瑕疵证据补强规则的适用

On the Application of the Rule of Strengthening Defective Evidence in Civil Litigation

Progress in Social Sciences / 2025,7(4): 328-333 / 2025-04-30 2 2

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• Authors: 曹路遥     
• Information:

  上海政法学院，上海

• Keywords: Civil litigation evidence; Defective evidence; Corroboration rule 民事诉讼证据；瑕疵证据；补强规则
• Abstract: Defective evidence and its corroboration rules are an important part of the civil litigation evidence system, directly related to judicial fairness and procedural efficiency. Defective evidence, due to its deficiencies in authenticity, legality or relevance, needs to be corroborated to obtain evidentiary capacity, which is fundamentally different from illegal evidence that cannot be remedied due to illegal collection. China’s current laws have initially established the concept of defective evidence and allow its probative force to be enhanced through corroboration rules. However, there are still many problems in legislation and judicial practice, such as insufficient detail in the rules, inconsistent application standards, and excessive discretion for judges, which seriously affect the clarification of case facts and the fairness of judgments. The core of the corroboration rule lies in using other evidence to enhance the probative force of defective evidence to meet the legal standards for fact-finding. Corroborative evidence must be authentic, legal, relevant, and independent, and must not have direct or indirect connections with the main evidence. At the same time, the application conditions should be clearly defined, especially when the main evidence has doubts or cannot reach the proof standard alone, corroboration should be used to form a complete chain of evidence to reduce the risk of misjudgment. To improve the corroboration rules for defective evidence in China, efforts should be made from three aspects: legislation, judiciary, and theoretical research. First, the classification and corroboration standards of defective evidence should be refined, especially the requirement for the independence of corroborative evidence. Second, the judicial process should be optimized, and the judges’ obligation to explain, the evidence investigation procedure, and the relief mechanism should be strengthened to improve the transparency and standardization of the application of the rules. Third, for special types of evidence such as electronic data and audio-visual materials, technical corroboration requirements should be clearly defined to ensure their authenticity and re-identifiability. By establishing a scientific and standardized corroboration rule system, the reliability of evidence in civil litigation will be significantly enhanced, and the balance between procedural fairness and efficiency will be easier to achieve, thereby promoting the legalization and fairness of judicial decisions. 瑕疵证据及其补强规则是民事诉讼证据制度的重要组成部分，直接关系司法公正与程序效率。瑕疵证据因在真实性、合法性或关联性方面存在缺陷，需通过补强获得证据能力，这与因取证违法而无法补救的非法证据存在本质差异。我国现行法律已初步确立瑕疵证据的概念，并允许通过补强规则增强其证明力。然而，立法与司法实践中仍存在诸多问题，例如规则细化不足、适用标准不统一及法官自由裁量空间过大，严重影响案件事实查明及裁判公正。补强规则的核心在于运用其他证据增强瑕疵证据的证明力，使其达到认定事实的法定标准。补强证据需具备真实性、合法性、关联性及独立性，且不得与主证据存在直接或间接关联。同时，应明确适用条件，尤其在主要证据存在疑点或单独无法达到证明标准时，需通过补强形成完整证据链以降低误判风险。完善我国瑕疵证据补强规则需从立法、司法及理论研究三方面入手。一是细化瑕疵证据的分类与补强标准，特别是明确补强证据的独立性要求；二是优化司法程序，强化法官释明义务、证据调查程序及救济机制，以提高规则适用的透明度和规范性；三是针对电子数据、视听资料等特殊类型证据，明确技术性补强要求，确保其真实性与可再识别性。通过构建科学规范的补强规则体系，民事诉讼的证据可靠性将得到显著提升，程序公正与效率之间的平衡目标将更易实现，从而推动司法裁判的法治化与公正化进程。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/pss.0704057
• Cite: 曹路遥．论民事诉讼瑕疵证据补强规则的适用［J］．社会科学进展，2025，7（4）：328-333.