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董事对第三人责任的制度构造与规范适用

The System Construction and Normative Application of Directors’ Liability to Third Parties

牛宇乐

Progress in Social Sciences / 2026,8(5): 368-373 / 2026-05-15 21 20

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• Information:

  华南理工大学，广州

• Keywords:
  Director’s liability; Creditors; Independence of corporate personality; Subrogation right
  董事责任; 债权人; 法人人格独立; 代位权
• Abstract: Against the legislative backdrop of expanding directorial control and inadequate third-party legal protection, Article 191 of the newly revised Company Law innovatively stipulates directors’ direct liability to third parties. Yet, due to statutory limitations and ambiguities, no consensus has been reached on the justification and legal nature of this new regime. This liability does not derive from fiduciary duty extension or corporate entity doctrine modification, but from the need to protect creditors—it entitles them to subrogate the company’s recourse right against liable directors. The creditor’s subrogation interpretation is both necessary and feasible. This approach builds a liability framework around subrogation exercise, complying with the Civil Code’s corporate personality independence principle and ensuring coherent coordination with related provisions. 在董事控制权扩大与法律对第三人保护力度不足的立法背景下，新《公司法》第一百九十一条创新性规定了董事对第三人的直接责任。由于法条内容的有限性和模糊性，关于董事第三人责任这一新制度确立的正当性、性质等相关问题的讨论尚未形成一致意见。董事对第三人责任不是基于信义义务理论扩张或对法人实在说修正的结果，而是基于保护债权人这一特殊立法目的的需要，赋予公司债权人代位行使公司对负责人董事追偿权的结果，债权人代位权的解释路径有其必要性和可行性。在这一解释路径下构建以债权人代位权行使为框架的董事对第三人责任制度。从法律适用的角度看，债权人代位权解释路径下的董事对第三人责任未违反《民法典》确立的法人人格独立制度，并使得这一新制度在关联法条之间衔接流畅。
• DOI: 10.35534/pss.0805064 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 牛宇乐．董事对第三人责任的制度构造与规范适用［J］．社会科学进展，2026，8（5）：368-373.