清代内务府太监养老制度考
A Study on the Elderly Care System of eunuchs in the Qing Dynasty’s Internal Affairs Office
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Authors:
蔡政忠¹, 侯志君², 杨莲¹, 曾辉³, 张鸣珊¹, Tsai, Cheng-Chung⁴ / Progress in Social Sciences / 2023,5(5): 389-399 / 2023-09-21
- Keywords: Ministry of internal affairs; Eunuchs; Mutual assistance for elderly care; Holding a group for elderly care; Elderly care association内务府; 太监; 互助养老; 抱团养老; 养老义会
- Abstract: Filial piety is a long-standing tradition in China, and raising children to prevent old age and take care of the elderly to see the end has long beendeeply rooted in Chinese culture. The Book of Filial Piety states that “filial pietyis a matter of kinship, residence is a matter of respect, upbringing is a matterof joy, illness is a matter of sorrow, mourning is a matter of sorrow, sacrifice isa matter of strictness, and the five are prepared, and then one can be a matterof kinship.” This article focuses on the “Elderly Care Association” organizationestablished specifically for the retirement of eunuchs. During the QingDynasty, eunuchs in the Ministry of Internal Affairs established the ElderlyCare Association based on temples, where those who joined the associationcan support each other and the young take care of the elderly, The practiceof sending the deceased first and being responsible for spring and autumnsacrifices extends the family relationship in ancient China. However, althougheunuchs’ ‘home for the elderly’ takes the form of a ‘home’, its essence is groupself-help and mutual assistance within the group. This article aims to explorethe oldest mutual assistance elderly care model in the world and understand theneeds of Qing Dynasty eunuchs to take care of their elderly and see them off,from the “pseudo kinship” to the “quasi family group” of eunuchs who work thesame age and have no offspring.孝道是中国悠久传统，养儿防老、养老送终在中国早已深入文化。《孝经》有云“孝子之事亲也，居则致其敬，养则致其乐，病则致其忧，丧则致其哀，祭则致其严，五者备矣，然后能事亲”，本文聚焦在专为太监退休成立的“养老义会”组织进行研究，清朝内务府太监以寺庙为依托，成立养老义会，入会者可以相互扶持，由年轻者照顾年老者，由后死者送先死者并负责春秋祭扫，此做法将中国古代家庭关系加以延伸，但太监的“终老之家”虽有“家”的形式，实质却是群体自助和群体内部的互助。在相同工作、相似年龄又无后嗣的太监群体，从“拟亲属关系”到“类家族群体”的“抱团养老”模式，本文旨在探查全球最古老的互助养老模式与了解清朝太监们养老送终的需求。
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大航海时代下中日瓷业竞争——广州佛山“广彩瓷”与中国台湾瓷的历史角色定位
Competition between China and Japan’s Porcelain Industry in the Era of Great Navigation —Historical Role Positioning of Guangzhou Foshan “Guangcai Porcelain” and China Taiwan Porcelain
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Authors:
蔡政忠¹, 张鸣珊¹, 刘杨洋¹, 侯志君², Tsai, Cheng-Chung³ / Progress in Social Sciences / 2023,5(5): 363-388 / 2023-09-21
- Keywords: Foshan; Guangcai porcelain; Tinggua gallery; Japan porcelain; China Taiwan porcelain佛山; 广彩瓷; 庭呱画室; 日本瓷; 中国台湾瓷
- Abstract: This article focuses on the era of great navigation. With the changeof Chinese political power, major events such as the Ming and Qing dynastysea ban, anti Qing and restoration of the Ming dynasty, and the Eight NationAlliance have directly or indirectly affected the global sales market of China’s proud porcelain industry. “If China prospers, Japan will be weak, and ifChina declines, Japan will prosper” has always been the historical fate of theinternational porcelain market. In addition, this paper also demonstrates thatthe “Guangcai Porcelain” in Foshan, Guangzhou, in the late Qing Dynasty didnot come from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, and was shipped to Guangzhoufor painting, but was directly produced in Guangzhou and Foshan, and shippeddirectly from the the Pearl River for export. During the exploration of porcelainon the Maritime Silk Road, it was unexpectedly discovered that Taiwan of Chinahad exported hundreds of thousands of high-quality porcelain pieces to Japan asearly as the 17th century. This is even further from the earliest record in Taiwan’sporcelain industry history. Has the China Taiwan porcelain market ever beensupported by Japan? Or has “Taiwan Porcelain” become a political fringe or anunincorporated place for trade, participating as a comprador or acting as anoriginal manufacturer in the Japanese porcelain export market, or even assistingJapanese porcelain merchants in “OEM” exporting internationally?本文聚焦大航海时代下，随着中国政权更替发生明清海禁、反清复明、八国联军等重大事件，将中国引以为豪的瓷器事业直接或间接影响到全球销售市场版图，“中国兴则日本弱，中国衰则日本兴”一直是国际瓷器市场的历史宿命。另外，本文还论证晚清时期广州佛山“广彩瓷”并非来自江西景德镇烧坯运往广州画彩，而是直接在广州、佛山本地生产，直接从珠江集运外销。在海上丝绸之路的瓷器探查过程，令人意外地发现中国台湾早在17世纪即对日本输出数十万件精品瓷器，这与中国台湾瓷业史最早纪录还更加久远，中国台湾制瓷市场是否曾经受到日本扶植？抑或沦为政治边缘地带或贸易不受管辖的化外之地，“中国台湾瓷”是否参与日本瓷器外销市场的买办或充当原始制造商的身份，甚至于协助日本瓷商“贴牌”出口国际？
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Book Review 2: Spelling and writing words: Theoretical and methodological advances
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Authors:
Huili Wang¹, Zhenyu Sun² and Yang Fu¹ / Language and Cognitive Science / 2023,7(1): 94−112 / 2023-08-16
- Keywords: ----
- Abstract: -- --
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越南数字货币管理中区块链技术应用的趋势及司法应用
The Trend of Blockchain Technology Application in the Management of Digital Currency in Vietnam
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- Keywords: Blockchain technology; Digital currency management; Judicial application; Trend; Challenge; Opportunity区块链技术; 数字货币管理; 司法应用; 趋势; 挑战; 机遇
- Abstract: Blockchain technology (blockchain) is considered one of the breakthrough technologies in the management of financial services including digital currency. Blockchain not only encodes currency, but also digitizes the process of managing and storing transaction information, allowing publicity and transparency of financial information, and at the same time reducing transaction costs. However, in Vietnam today, there are still no clear and complete regulations on digital currency governance and digital currency management using blockchain technology. The application trend of blockchain in digital currency management is increasingly evident globally, posing a requirement for countries including Vietnam to have appropriate strategic solutions to take advantage of this opportunity to develop digital currency, and there is a need for a clear regulatory framework to control the risks involved.区块链技术（简称区块链）被认为是金融服务管理中的突破性技术之一，包括数字货币在内。区块链不仅对货币进行编码，还数字化了交易信息的管理和存储过程，实现了金融信息的公开透明，同时降低了交易成本。然而，在越南，至今仍缺乏关于数字货币治理和利用区块链技术进行数字货币管理的明确完整法规。全球范围内，区块链在数字货币管理中的应用趋势日益明显，这对包括越南在内的各国提出了要求，需要制定适当的战略解决方案，以利用这一机遇发展数字货币，并需要建立明确的监管框架来控制相关风险。
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Motion Events in English Novels: Evidence for a Satellite-framed Language
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- Keywords: language typology; manner verbs; motion event; path of motion; The Call of the Wild
- Abstract: This paper discusses language typological characteristics and motion events. As Talmy proposed, languages can be divided into two types: satelliteframed languages and verb-framed languages. The construction of satelliteframed languages is [Motion + Manner + Path + Ground]. In satellite-framed languages, the motion information is conveyed by the main verbs ([Motion + Manner]), and the path of motion is expressed by a subordinate element ([Path]). The subordinate element is called a satellite, which is similar to the particles in English. The construction of verb-framed languages is [Motion + Path + Ground + Manner]. In verb-framed languages, the main verbs ([Motion + Path]) convey the core information of the path of movement, and the manner of motion is described in a subordinate place ([Manner]). The present study focuses on the typological characteristics and lexicalization patterns in English by analyzing the expression of motion events in literary works. This paper chooses an English novel written by Jack London, The Call of the Wild, which has fruitful descriptions of motion events, to analyze the habitual language pattern of English native writers. The results show that English writers tend to use the language pattern of satellite-framed language, which provides evidence to testify and strengthen the fact that English is a typical satellite-framed language.
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