曲阜师范大学心理学院,曲阜
21世纪以来,我国基础教育转型实践表明,社会情感能力培育是落实素质教育、实现教育转型升级的关键环节(毛亚庆,杜媛,2021)。以往研究发现即使认知能力相当,社会情感能力较低的个体在后续职业发展中仍处于明显劣势(Heckman & Rubinstein,2001)。与此同时,元认知监控作为认知调控的核心,其对学生学习效能与思维发展的支撑作用也得到大量研究证实(Ghimire & Mokhtari,2025)。二者均是学生全面发展的核心支撑,但长期以来分属不同研究传统,鲜有研究将其纳入同一框架进行系统探讨。
元认知监控与社会情感能力作为认知与情感领域的两大核心组成部分,各自发挥着不可替代的重要作用。元认知是认知过程本身为对象的心理现象和过程,可以分为元认知知识、元认知体验和元认知监控三个维度(Flavell,1979)。其中元认知监控是指对自身认知过程进行监测、评估与调节过程(Guamanga et al.,2024)。与另外两个维度不同,元认知监控是贯穿于认知活动始终的执行过程,是元认知的核心,它可以通过实时追踪认知状态、识别理解难点、调整学习策略,使个体能够对自身思维过程实施主动管理(Veenman et al.,2006)。
社会情感能力相关概念的发展呈逐步深化、融合的脉络,始于强调社会因素的社会智力(Thorndike,1920),转向以情感为核心的情绪智力(Salovey & Mayer,1990),进而发展为融合二者的社会情绪智力(Goleman,1995),最终形成社会情感能力概念(Greenberg et al,2001)。它是指个体在复杂多变的社会情境中,有效管理自身情绪、建立并维持积极人际关系、做出负责任决策所需的一系列核心素养(袁振国 等,2024)。美国CASEL组织将社会情感能力分为“自我意识、自我管理、社会意识、人际关系技能、负责任地决策”五个核心维度(Durlak,2015)。其中前两个维度聚焦个体内在层面,后三个维度指向人际与社会层面(黄忠敬,2022)。此外,经济合作与发展组织(OECD)基于大五人格模型提出SSES框架,将社会情感能力划分为任务能力、情绪调节能力、交往能力、协作能力和开放能力五个维度。在充分考虑中国文化背景下,国内构建了包含自我认知、自我管理、他人认知、他人管理、集体认知、集体管理六个维度的本土化框架(杜媛,毛亚庆,2018)。社会情感能力贯穿于个体的日常生活与学习实践,影响着其社会适应、学业发展及心理健康等多个方面(杨昕珠 等,2025;Steponavičius et al.,2023)。
认知与情感的双向影响为理解元认知监控与社会情感能力的关联奠定了基础。从认知对情感的塑造来看,个体对自身心理过程的认知,直接影响其对自我与他人情绪的识别和调控;若无法有效监测自身心理活动,便难以准确理解自身及他人情绪(程素萍 等,2012)。从情感对认知的促进作用来看,社会情感能力的提升能够优化学生的学习动机与专注力(Chang et al.,2023),为元认知活动创造更有利的心理条件。这意味着,作为认知核心的元认知监控与作为情感核心的社会情感能力之间,必然存在内在的关联。然而,现有研究多将元认知监控与社会情感能力割裂开来,单独探讨二者的内涵、价值与培育路径,针对二者直接关联的专项研究相对较少(Lønfeldt et al.,2017;Spada et al.,2008)。事实上,二者的底层逻辑高度相通,本质上都是个体对自身心理状态的觉察、评估与调控。本文基于认知与情感协同发展逻辑,以元认知监控为核心,深入剖析二者内在关联:元认知监控作为执行中枢,为社会情感能力提供实时觉察与调控支撑;社会情感能力则通过优化情绪、强化动机反哺元认知监控的精准性与灵活性。二者相互依存、相互促进,形成螺旋上升的良性循环。本文旨在厘清二者关系、弥补研究不足,为基础教育协同培育两类能力提供理论与实践参考。
Nelson(1990)提出的监测—控制模型解释了元认知监控本身是如何运作的。该模型将认知活动划分为客体水平和元水平两个层次,两个层次之间的信息流动构成了元认知监控的核心机制——监测和控制,前者指个体对正在进行的认知活动状态的判断与评估,后者则让个体能够根据这些感知调整学习策略(家晓余 等,2024)。正是这种双向的信息流动,使个体得以对自身的认知过程实施主动管理(Veenman et al.,2006)。监测—控制机制并非只适用于认知领域,在情绪领域同样扮演着关键角色。个体需要监测“我现在是什么情绪”“对方此刻的感受如何”,并根据监测结果调控自己的情绪反应或沟通方式。以往研究也发现,认知水平高的个体能够更有效地调节压力与不良情绪的关系(Spada et al.,2008)。
自我调节学习理论则进一步阐释了个体如何通过这一机制实现目标。班杜拉最早将自我调节纳入社会认知理论,Zimmerman(1989)在此基础上提出的自我调节学习模型进一步强调,个体在与环境的持续互动中主动调控自身认知与行为,包括对认知、情绪等内在机制的控制和外在行为的监控。元认知监控使个体能够识别自身认知的优势与劣势、完善策略并执行与目标相符的行动计划(Guamanga et al.,2024),这种“监测—调控”能力正是社会情感能力各维度赖以运作的基础。Efklides与Schwartz(2024)提出的自我调节学习的元认知与情感模型(MASRL)同时将认知、元认知、动机和情感纳入一个框架中进行研究,认为自我调节学习是元认知、动机与情感交互作用的结果,并存在个体水平与任务—个体交互水平两个运作层级。三者分别解答了元认知监控的运作方式、服务目标及情感协同作用,共同支撑二者的协同分析。
长期以来元认知研究聚焦自身认知的监测与控制,情感过程被视为独立系统,但理论与实证研究表明,二者协同是个体心理功能完善的前提。早期研究证实,认知与情感存在动态双向影响,情绪调节影响认知加工(Isen,2001;Kuhl,2001),认知策略也反作用于情感体验(McRae & Gross,2020)。Efklides(2008)的整合模型将认知与情感纳入统一框架,打破元认知仅服务于认知的传统认知;Thomas et al(2022)的MAMC框架将元情绪定义为情绪的觉知、监控与控制能力,强调其与元认知独立且交互,为二者关系研究提供重要启示,社会情感能力的核心成分正是元情感的具体体现。
教育心理学研究也强调二者不可割裂:Zimmerman(2013)认为自我调节学习中情感内嵌于元认知、动机等过程;Moreno与Mayer(2007)的CATLM理论揭示情感影响认知投入、元认知调控该过程的中介链;Efklides与Schwartz(2024)的MASRL模型构建多成分整合框架,证实元认知与情感的双向调节,近期研究也印证二者协同效应(Sun & Zhang,2026)。协作场景中,Näykki等人(2021)指出协作学习需将元认知监控外化,兼顾社会认知与情感。社会情感能力作为情感调节的延伸,涵盖情绪调控、人际技能等维度,是核心素养,基础教育需重点培育(杜媛,毛亚庆,2018),因此,应将二者纳入同一框架,探究其双向协同关系。
社会情感能力的自我意识维度指个体对自身情绪、价值观及能力的准确认知,以及基于这种认知形成的对自身优势与局限的客观评估能力(Durlak,2015)。这一维度构成社会情感能力发展的基础,使个体能够敏锐地觉察内在状态。程素萍等人(2012)发现情绪智力与元认知呈显著正相关,本质是元认知监控能帮助个体实时捕捉自身情绪波动,为情绪认知提供依据。国外研究也印证了这一点,元认知能有效减轻个体的不良情绪(Lønfeldt et al.,2017)。值得注意的是,较高监控能力的个体对负面情绪和压力的感知更为强烈(Spada et al.,2008),这种敏感性使他们能够更早识别情绪问题,进而通过调控实现情绪状态的改善。
仅觉察自身状态不足,个体还需依据目标有效调控自身行为,这是自我管理的核心。自我管理是指在不同情境下调控情绪、思维与行为的能力,包含目标设定、冲动控制、压力应对与自我激励等,可保障个体持续投入任务,让情绪服务于目标实现而非形成干扰。从自我意识到自我管理的过渡,正是元认知监控从“监测”走向“控制”的延伸。自我报告的元认知测量与情绪调节之间存在显著关联(Wei et al.,2022)。自我监控在情绪调节扩展过程模型中起着重要作用,个体需要实时关注自身的情绪体验和调节努力,评估所选策略的有效性,并据此做出调整(Birney et al.,2017)。在这一过程中,元认知监控为调节周期提供输入,支持对情绪反应的自我意识与评估,也构成调控得以持续运转的监测机制(Efklides & Schwartz,2024;Efklides,2011)。成年人的元认知表现与精神病理症状之间存在联系(Rouault et al.,2018)。从策略使用来看,元认知能力较强的个体报告显著较少使用表达抑制,自我监控能帮助个体避免压抑情绪,更好地进行情绪调节(Double,2026)。个体学习情绪调节策略的过程也需要元认知监测的参与(Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema,2012)。
个体有效管理自身状态后,需将觉察与调控能力拓展至他人与社会情境。社会意识以共情和视角转换为核心,人际关系技能侧重沟通协作,二者均需兼顾自身与他人心理、实现认知与情感协同调节,离不开元认知监控的精准作用。Koriat和Ackerman(2010)将元认知监控结合心理理论提出了对他人的监控,即监控他人。代景华等(2017)认为元认知监控包括自我监控和监控他人。认知共情需要个体对自身及他人的心理过程进行细致觉察,依赖元认知监控的高级认知调节功能(Baron-Cohen,2022)。元认知监控可实时监测共情反应、调节认知视角,助力理解他人情绪与需求,为社会意识与人际关系技能奠定基础。研究表明,高元认知个体心理理论能力更强,能更精准感知他人意图(程素萍 等,2012),提升情感识别与情绪理解能力(James et al.,2018),进而优化沟通协作、促进社会适应(Lysaker et al.,2020),推动社会意识与人际关系技能协同发展。在群体互动情境中,个体能通过元认知监测并控制对所经历的社会情感事件的解读(Järvelä et al.,2019),这种社会情绪监测会影响情绪在群体互动中的传达(Ben-Eliyahu & Linnenbrink-Garcia,2013)。元认知能力影响着自我意识、社会互动,与面部情绪的有意表达或压抑相关(Kasek et al.,2025)。患有阿斯伯格障碍的成年人在识别面部表情情绪准确性显著较低,且在进行元认知控制时遇到更大困难(Sawyer et al.,2014)。Fischer et al(2023)指出以往研究还发现元认知能增强群体的集体判断力,进而增强人类的协作与协调能力。
个体需在复杂社会情境中综合运用各项能力,做出负责任的决策。负责任决策要求遵循道德与社会规范,全面评估后果、规避认知偏差。元认知监控在决策前识别情境、评估自身与任务;决策中追踪思路,纠正冲动片面等偏差并评估后果;决策后复盘结果,将经验反馈优化认知水平。元认知监控本身就是一种决策形式(Serra & England,2012),其能帮助个体实时监测决策过程,识别冲动、片面等认知偏差,评估决策的潜在后果,调整决策思路,降低不确定性,进而提升决策的理性程度与责任意识(Basu & Dixit,2022)。元认知监控能力强的个体具有更强的自主规划、自觉管理能力,具有更高的学习自控力(Medina et al.,2017)。
元认知监测是对认知过程进行持续评估,对做出良好决策至关重要(Jackson & Kleitman,2014)。当个体元认知监控能力越高,其主观判断与客观现实的一致性更高,决策行为也更为可靠(Jackson et al.,2018)。元认知监控在决策和问题解决中发挥重要作用(Maniscalco & Lau,2012)。在社会情境中,准确的觉察同样对社交技能有积极作用(Beaupre & Hess,2006)。元认知监控通过对决策全过程的把控,使个体在复杂情境中做出兼顾自身利益与社会规范的负责任选择。从自我意识、自我管理到社会意识、人际关系,最终指向负责任决策,其“监测—调控”功能贯穿始终。
社会情感能力并非被动接受元认知的支撑,其自身能通过提升认知能力、调控反馈机制,反向促进元认知发展。现有实证研究证实,社会情感能力对学生认知能力具有显著正向影响,为元认知提升奠定基础(Rimm-Kaufman & Hulleman,2015)。Durlak等人(2011)研究表明,参与社会情感能力学习项目学生的学业成绩显著高于未参与者。
从理论框架来看,监测-控制模型认为客体水平的丰富经验同样会通过监测通道持续反馈至元水平(Nelson,1990),促进元认知监控的优化升级。自我调节学习理论为理解这种反向赋能提供了更精细的视角。Zimmerman(1989)认为自我调节学习是由个人、环境和行为三者相互作用决定的。在Efklides与Schwartz(2024)的MASRL模型中提出元认知—情感交互核心,自我调节学习同样存在基于情感反馈的自下而上调节。社会情感能力的发展,正是通过这一机制反向促进着元认知监控的精准度与灵活性。
元认知监控的高效运行依赖注意力集中与认知资源稳定,而情绪状态直接决定认知资源的分配效率,这是社会情感能力赋能元认知监控的基础。学习者的情绪和元认知自我监测在心理模型发展中起着关键作用(Riemer & Schrader,2019)。焦虑、烦躁、挫败感等负面情绪会阻碍自我调节学习,导致工作记忆被占用,降低工作记忆表现(Riemer & Schrader,2019)。个体需耗费精力识别和调节负面情绪,导致用于元认知监控的资源不足(Peng & Tullis,2021)。消极情绪会干扰那些监测能力更强或更敏感的人(Hong et al.,2023)。
相反,积极情绪通过拓展认知资源空间,为元认知监控提供增益效应(Ko et al.,2020)。Fredrickson(2001)的拓展-建构理论揭示,积极情绪能拓宽个体的认知视野与资源边界,让元认知监控在面对复杂任务时拥有更充裕的资源可供调用。Murray等人(1990)的研究进一步证实,处于积极情绪状态的个体认知加工更流畅,提升元认知监控的监测效率。经历积极情绪的学生更有可能使用不同类型的认知和元认知策略(King & Areepattamannil,2014)。耶基斯—多德森定律进一步补充,适度的压力对学习和解决问题是有益的(Faller et al.,2019),但过量负面情绪会因资源挤占而破坏监控过程(Plass & Kalyuga,2019),这也解释了为何情绪状态的平衡调控对元认知监控至关重要。此外,积极情绪被认为能促进认知灵活性,持续的负面情绪可能限制认知灵活性(Isen,2001),而认知灵活性是元认知监控过程的重要前提(慕德芳,陈英和,2013)。 因此,积极情绪与自我监控呈正相关,负面情绪与自我监控存在负相关关系(Pekrun & Linnenbrink-Garcia,2012)。
情绪调节作为社会情感能力的核心维度,为元认知监控创设着稳定的心理环境。情绪调节减少挫败感,能保持认知资源的可利用性,维持对元认知策略的持续投入(Riemer,2024)。其中,表达抑制策略虽常被认为是非适应性策略,但在特定场景中能减轻工作记忆负担,为元认知监控预留更多资源(Dörfel et al.,2014),与学业自我效能感呈显著正相关(Zyberaj,2022)。自我调节执行功能模型(S-REF)认为情绪失调与功能失调的元认知过程存在双向影响(Wells,2009),以往研究也显示,情绪调节困难与元认知信念之间存在直接关系(Yalvaç & Gaynor,2021)。对儿童进行情绪调节训练,能提高其元认知技能和适应行为(Cesur,2026)。
社会情感能力通过助力建立积极人际关系,获得更多社会支持(唐汉卫 等,2024),有更多的外部反馈和社会互动,进而为元认知监控提供持续的训练与校准。反馈能够有效减少小学生的预见性偏差,显著提升其元认知监测能力(刘希平 等,2019)。正性反馈能够提高监测精度(Follmer & Tise,2021),负性反馈则推动策略调整(Clariana & Park,2021;Sitzman et al.,2015)。关于儿童自信判断的研究发现,获得积极反馈的儿童表现出更高的自信心,而消极反馈则对后续学习效果产生更大影响(Allwood et al.,2005)。积极反馈可以通过提高自我效能感增强内在动机,负面反馈则因引发自我怀疑和焦虑降低动机(Eskreis-Winkler & Fishbach,2019)。更重要的是,社会情感能力强的个体能够准确理解反馈的含义,从中提取有效信息转化为优化依据。临床研究从反面印证了这一点,人格障碍患者在元认知控制方面存在显著困难(Carcione et al.,2011)。
从社会互动的视角来看,主动监测自己和同伴思维理解的群体会有更深层次的学习过程(Näykki et al.,2017)。以往研究也发现,通过同伴学习可以促进大学生元认知调控能力的发展(De Backer et al.,2015),合作对学生的元认知发展具有积极影响(Bol et al.,2012)。社会情感互动能够为认知互动创造空间(Lajoie et al.,2015),进一步强化对元认知监控的促进作用。元认知对社会线索的敏感性,进一步说明了社会互动对其发展的促进作用(贾宁 等,2022)。研究发现,当参与者被告知大多数人的记忆表现水平时,其学习判断会显著提高(England & Serra,2012)。这表明,元认知监控并非孤立运作,而是不断从社会情境中获取参照信息,校准自身的判断与决策。社会互动作为重要的环境因素,对元认知自我调节的规划、监控和调节维度均具有积极影响(ElSayad,2024;Lim et al.,2020)。
此外,以往研究发现,动机对元认知具有“供能”作用,能够激活认知过程中的自我调节与决策(汪玲,郭德俊,2003)。以往研究发现自我效能感与元认知存在显著正相关(Cera et al.,2013)。Karaoglan-Yilmaz等人(2023)指出,学术自我效能感与元认知显著相关。社会情感能力通过多条路径反向促进元认知监控。客体水平的情绪状态、互动经验、成功体验,通过监测通道持续反馈至元水平,成为元认知监控优化升级的养料。从现有的关联证据来看,元认知监控与社会情感能力可能在相互促进中形成动态的良性循环。
元认知监控与社会情感能力并非割裂的心理机能,而是构成个体自我调节的协同系统。本文揭示,二者通过“监测—调控”这一共享机制形成双向赋能关系:元认知监控为社会情感能力提供实时觉察与执行基础,社会情感能力则通过情绪调节、社会反馈与动机激活优化元认知监控的精准度。理论层面,监测—控制模型与MASRL模型为这种双向关联提供了解释框架。元水平与客体水平的信息流动,使认知评价与情感体验能够相互校正;而情绪状态对认知资源的调配作用,进一步证实了情感过程对元认知监控的反向塑造。这种互动并非简单的线性因果,而是随情境动态调整的螺旋上升过程。
教育实践应避免将认知与情感割裂,而是将二者作为整体素养协同培育。通过嵌入式教学设计,在真实情境中促进学生的自我觉察、情绪管理与策略调控,实现认知与情感能力的同步发展,最终指向“完整的人”的培养目标。
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