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Psychology of China

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同伴介入法促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童融合教育的研究现状与展望

Research Status and Prospects of Peer-mediated Interventions in Promoting Inclusive Education for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

李乾楷, 汪俊

Psychology of China / 2026,8(6): 1009-1017 / 2026-06-30 look210 look132
  • Information:
    浙江师范大学心理学院,金华
  • Keywords:
    Autism spectrum disorder; Inclusive education; Peer-mediated interventions
    自闭症谱系障碍; 融合教育; 同伴介入法
  • Abstract: This paper is grounded in the inclusive education needs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and provides a systematic review of the progress and limitations of peer-mediated interventions (PMIs). Research has shown that PMIs are effective in promoting social skills, yet they remain limited by narrow intervention goals, restricted implementation contexts, and insufficient exploration of underlying mechanisms. Guided by the inclusive education principle of “respecting differences and fostering diverse development,” this study suggests that future research should extend intervention targets to cognitive and emotional domains, broaden implementation settings to families and communities, and employ multimodal cognitive neuroscience to deepen the understanding of intervention mechanisms. The ultimate aim is to provide directions for PMIs research and practice, thereby advancing higher-quality inclusive education for children with ASD. 本文立足于自闭症谱系障碍儿童融合教育需求,系统回顾同伴介入法的研究进展及不足。研究表明,同伴介入法在促进社交能力方面成效显著,但仍存在目标单一、场域有限及机制探究不足等问题。基于融合教育“尊重差异、多元发展”的理念,本文提出未来研究应拓展干预目标至认知与情绪领域,扩大实施边界至家庭和社区,并结合多模态认知神经科学深化作用机制探索。本文旨在为同伴介入法研究与实践提供方向,以推动自闭症谱系障碍儿童实现更高质量的融合教育。
  • DOI: 10.35534/pc.0806149
  • Cite: 李乾楷, 汪俊. (2026). 同伴介入法促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童融合教育的研究现状与展望. 中国心理学前沿, 8 (6), 1009-1017.


1 引言

自闭症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorders,ASD)是一种以持续性社交缺陷及重复刻板行为为核心表现特征的广泛性发育障碍(American Psychiatric Association,APA)(2013)。除这两种典型特征外,ASD儿童往往表现出情绪功能障碍(Yeung,2022)、认知功能缺陷(Al-Mazidi,2023)及执行功能受损(Kofler et al.,2024)等特点。这些特质缺陷,使ASD儿童往往面临严重的社交和学习困难,使其难以融入普通学校就读生活(McDonald et al.,2019)。这无疑增加了ASD儿童所在家庭和社区的教育负担,也严重影响了融合教育(Inclusive Education)政策的落实。

自联合国教科文组织在《萨拉曼卡宣言》中发出融合教育倡议以来(Ainscow et al.,2019),我国高度响应并在相应政策法规(杜冰玉,张莉莉,2023)、师资培养(陈倩云 等,2022)、家校合作(翁盛,魏寿洪,2016)等领域取得了长足进步。例如,我国自80年代起就以“随班就读”的形式积极推行融合教育,特别是相应政策法规的颁布和实施为融合教育开展提供了重要依据和强有力保障(张瀚文,赵斌,2022)。然而,相较于其他残障儿童,ASD儿童的融合教育尚未达到理想效果(徐云,朱旻芮,2016)。究其原因在于ASD儿童虽然具有社交及学习方面的需求(OHagan & Hebron,2017),但其自身所存在的局限常常阻碍其正常的同伴交往与学校生活。基于此,以同伴为载体,指导社交能力较强的同伴与自闭症谱系障碍儿童建立社交模式的“同伴介入法”被认为是提高自闭症谱系障碍儿童的社交能力、帮助其更好融入教育环境的有效手段(Petersson-Bloom & Holmqvist,2022),并显示出积极效果(Chan et al.,2009)。本文将从同伴介入法理论依据及应用现状入手,梳理现有同伴介入法在ASD儿童融合教育应用中的不足,以期拓展同伴介入法在我国融合教育中的实践,为ASD儿童的多元融合教育目标提供启示。

2 自闭症谱系障碍儿童融合教育的研究进展

2.1 融合教育的内涵及其中国化进程

20世纪80年代,Stainback夫妇首次提出“融合教育”的思想并在1994年西班牙《萨拉曼卡宣言》中正式获得了确立,认为特殊儿童与正常儿童一样应该获得平等教育权且普通学校是最有效的组织形式,这一思想迅速得到世界各国响应并积极践行(彭兴蓬,雷江华,2013)。然而,目前学界尚未对融合教育含义进行统一界定(黄建辉,2024)。Lindsay(2003)认为融合教育是一个复杂而充满争议的概念,融合教育不能仅仅建立于特殊儿童融入普通学校的就读权利,而应重点关注其关键因素(如:资金支持、师生支持、有效的教育课程及家长的积极投入等)以避免盲目融合。与之类似的是,Mitchell(2015)认为融合教育是一项多维度系统工程,其核心在于通过课程、教学、评估、环境、资源、领导力等多维度系统性变革,以实现教育公平与质量并存的目标。因此,融合教育的基本内涵不仅在于保障特殊儿童享有与普通儿童平等的受教育权,更在于通过系统性支持促进所有学生在学业、社会交往及心理发展等方面的共同成长。

在我国,融合教育的推进始于20世纪80年代中期的“随班就读”政策试点。1994年国家教委颁布的《关于开展残疾儿童少年随班就读工作的试行办法》明确规定残障儿童随班就读的工作遵循,将随班就读纳为我国融合教育实践的基本举措。此后,“随班就读”逐渐成为我国融合教育的主要形式,是我国对国际融合教育理念的本土化升华和实践(张玲,邓猛,2023)。进入新时代以来,我国融合教育政策呈现出体系化与深化发展的趋势。党的二十大报告明确提出“强化特殊教育普惠发展”,体现了党和国家保障特殊儿童平等受教育权利的决心。国家于2021年颁布的《“十四五”特殊教育发展提升行动计划》也明确指出,要加强普通教育和特殊教育拓展融合,做到应随尽随、应融尽融、尊重差异、多元融合,为融合教育的进一步发展提供了契机(中华人民共和国国务院,2022)。“尊重差异、多元融合”原则的提出,意味着我国融合教育的发展已从“形式上的同堂学习”逐步转向“实质性的教育公平”。与此同时,融合教育也提出了更加系统化和长远化的要求:一是从“机会公平”走向“质量公平”,突出融合教育质量的可持续提升;二是从“单一支持”走向“多元协同”,要求教师、同伴、家长及社会多方形成合力;三是从“个体适应”走向“群体共生”,强调特殊与普通儿童在互动、参与与共同发展中的双向融合。由此可见,新时代的融合教育已经进入一个更高层次的发展阶段,其目标不再局限于安置与接纳,而是要在教育系统内部实现真正意义上的“公平、包容与质量并重”。

2.2 自闭症谱系障碍儿童的融合教育现状

这一背景下,越来越多ASD儿童进入普通学校就读,标志着融合教育在政策与实践层面取得了积极进展。但研究与实践表明,ASD儿童的融合教育质量仍远未达到预期,ASD儿童在普通教育环境中的学习适应、社会交往与心理发展依然面临诸多挑战(Stahmer et al.,2011)。

首先,ASD儿童随班就读比例偏低且退学率高。一项关于赣州市ASD儿童融合教育状况的调查显示,仅有16.7%的自闭症谱系障碍儿童在普通学校就读;更有近三分之一的儿童虽曾进入普通学校,但由于适应困难、学校支持不足等原因,不得不退出并重返康复机构(侯丹,张云云,2018)。类似情况在其他地区亦有发现,表明ASD儿童的教育融入过程仍存在较高的不稳定性和脆弱性。其次,ASD儿童固有的认知功能缺陷、执行功能不足及社交障碍,严重制约了其在融合班级中的适应表现。Hong 等(2015)研究表明,ASD儿童在融合环境中的同伴接纳度显著低于普通儿童,遭受社交孤立与校园欺凌的比例也明显偏高。同样,Sterzing 等(2012)指出,自闭症谱系障碍儿童受限于沟通表达能力,往往难以及时向成人报告不良经历,进一步加剧了他们的社会孤立感。此外,情感障碍亦阻碍了其积极的师生互动,导致师生关系亲密度较低、冲突率较高。研究显示,他们普遍难以理解他人的心理状态,缺乏换位思考的能力,从而在课堂合作学习与人际交往中处于劣势(Blacher et al.,2014;李艳玮 等,2021)。同时,ASD儿童的刻板思维与重复性行为常常干扰课堂秩序,既影响了教学氛围,也制约了其自身的学业成就水平(Bolourian et al.,2022)。最后,融合教育中的支持体系尚不完善。普通教师特殊教育专项培训体系正在持续完善,但现阶段仍存在培训覆盖面不足、实操性内容偏少等阶段性短板,难以胜任差异化教学的要求,资源教室和辅助人员配置不足也使ASD儿童的个别化教育需求难以得到保障(Lindsay,2007)。此外,教师在态度和信念上可能存在一定困惑或消极情绪,部分教师仍将融合教育视为额外负担而非教育公平的重要组成部分(Emam & Farrell,2009)。这种支持缺失不仅削弱了ASD儿童的学习成效,也加剧了其在同伴群体中的边缘化风险。

综上所述,ASD儿童在融合教育环境中普遍面临学业参与不足、社会交往障碍和支持体系匮乏等多重困境。这种“物理融合”与“实质参与”之间的脱节,使融合教育的质量与公平性难以真正落实。在应对这一困境的探索中,学界逐渐关注到同伴在促进ASD儿童社会性发展中的潜在价值。同伴介入法(Peer-Mediated Interventions,PMIs)作为一种基于自然情境的策略,被证实能够在一定程度上提升ASD儿童的社交主动性和互动质量(Watkins et al.,2015)。然而,随着融合教育理念的不断深化和政策层面更高要求的提出,现有PMIs在干预目标、情境适应性与长期效能等方面的不足日益凸显,其应用实践亟需进一步拓展与优化。

3 同伴介入法概述及应用研究现状

3.1 同伴介入法简介

同伴介入法(Peer-mediated interventions,PMIs)起源于20世纪70年代一系列文献中(如Strain et al.,1977),是指通过系统训练同龄正常儿童使其在自然环境中主动与残障儿童进行社交互动,以帮助后者习得社交技能(如沟通、游戏等)的干预方法(Odom & Strain,1984)。在此过程中,同伴作为干预媒介,通过示范目标行为、积极发起互动、鼓励和强化被干预儿童行为的期望行为使自闭症谱系障碍儿童习得社交技能(Reichow & Song,2024)。同伴介入法中常见的同伴训练措施有语言指导(如Hu et al.,2021)、模块化示范(Modeling;Bauminger-Zviely et al.,2020)、角色扮演(Zhang,2022)、行为结果反馈(Kent et al.,2021)等形式。在实际应用中,研究者往往采用多种形式训练同伴实施干预措施。例如,Lee 等(2007)的研究中就采用语言指导和角色扮演等形式对ASD儿童同伴进行训练使其充分运用习得的社交技能参与到与ASD儿童的结构化游戏中,结果表明,此干预方式能显著减少ASD儿童的社交刻板行为。同时,PMIs的适用场景也较为广泛。已有研究表明,PMIs干预在教室(Shire et al.,2020)、操场(Ziegler & Morrier,2022)、家庭场景(Parsons et al.,2020)等多种场合均取得了良好成效。

3.2 同伴介入法理论基础

尽管大量实证研究已证实PMIs对自闭症谱系障碍ASD儿童具有显著疗效,但其内在作用机制仍有待深入探究。现有理论框架表明,PMIs主要通过受训同伴在自然情境中实施三重干预机制:其一,通过行为示范提供可观察的社交模板;其二,借助互动引导建立社交参与机会;其三,利用即时反馈强化目标行为。这种干预模式使ASD儿童能够通过观察学习机制掌握社交技能,并通过多场景训练促进技能的迁移与泛化。从理论基础来看,PMIs主要植根于行为主义原理(田金来,张向葵,2014),同时社会学习理论为其提供了关键的解释维度(陈路桦,于素红,2020)。正如Bandura和Walters(1977)所强调的,个体通过观察模仿即可习得新行为模式,这一过程无需依赖直接强化体验。此外,该理论还指出,技能习得本质上是个体认知、行为表现与环境因素三者之间动态交互的结果。例如,DiSalvo 和 Oswald(2002)明确将社会学习理论作为PMIs的理论框架,认为ASD儿童社交技能习得依赖于个体(ASD儿童)、社交互动行为、环境(同伴支持)三者动态交互,但同时特别强调,在ASD儿童的干预过程中,需考虑其本身固有的注意缺陷障碍对干预效果可能产生的干扰作用。

除社会学习理论外,本文进一步从共同表征理论(Co-representation Theory)的视角阐释PMIs的作用机制。PMIs的核心在于受训同伴与目标儿童在真实社交情境中的联合行动(Joint Action),即多个个体在时空维度上协调各自行为以实现共同目标的社会互动模式(Sebanz & Knoblich,2021)。研究表明,在联合行动过程中,个体倾向以功能等同的方式编码并内化同伴的任务信息(如刺激-反应联结),从而形成共同表征(宋晓蕾,董梅梅,2023),且此类表征能够显著影响个体后续行为表现(Milanese et al.,2010)。从神经机制来看,镜像神经元系统(Mirror Neuron System,MNS)与心理理论网络(Theory of Mind Networks,ToM)在感知他人意图、预测行为及实现共同表征中发挥关键作用(Iacoboni,2009)。然而,相较于典型发育儿童, ASD儿童的MNS和ToM网络功能存在显著异常,导致其联合行动能力较弱(Cerullo et al.,2021)。尽管如此,针对社交运动技能和心理理论能力的直接干预仍被证实能有效改善ASD儿童的社交功能(Naharan et al.,2025)。据此我们可以认为,PMIs作为一种系统化的社交干预策略,其核心机制在于通过结构化同伴互动促进ASD儿童心理理论能力的发展,并在此过程中构建社会认知层面的共同表征,从而达成其社交能力显著提升的干预目标。

3.3 同伴介入法应用现状

为系统梳理PMIs在提升ASD儿童社会适应能力方面的研究现状,本文以“同伴介入法对自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预的实证研究”为核心检索词,在Web of Science与Scopus数据库中检索近十年的相关文献(文献截取至2025年8月),共获得111篇潜在研究。为进一步确保纳入文献的科学性与针对性,我们设定如下筛选标准:(1)明确采用同伴介入法作为主要干预手段;(2)研究对象的人口学特征清晰,且干预对象为学龄儿童或学龄前儿童(3-12岁);(3)结果报告包含量化分析指标;(4)非综述性研究。经筛选后,共纳入28篇文献用于后续分析。为便于整体把握,我们对纳入的28篇实证研究以研究设计、干预场景、同伴类型、结果指标等维度进行了简单归纳整理,如表1所示。

总体而言,这些研究普遍表明PMIs能够显著提升ASD儿童的社交互动能力及同伴关系质量,且干预效果具有良好的跨情景稳定性与推广性。从研究设计类型而言,多基线/探针设计与随机对照试验为当前实证研究的主流设计,这既反映出单一案例设计(Single-case Experimental Design)在教育干预领域的高度适配性,也反映出近年来本领域研究者逐步重视群体实验(Grouped Design)研究的趋势。从干预场景而言,多数研究将干预场景集中于学校教室环境,抑或医院诊疗环境,仅有少数研究聚焦于非教育情景下的社区环境及家庭环境(如:Kim,2019),真实自然生活环境探索仍有局限。在同伴类型的选择上,大多数研究采用典型发展同龄儿童作为干预伙伴,少量研究涉及兄弟姐妹或其他家庭成员(如:Kent et al.,2020;Parsons et al.,2020),而来自社区朋友或邻居的同伴仅有个别案例(如:Kim,2019)。这表明现有研究主要依赖课堂内的同伴资源,尚未充分利用家庭与社区在儿童日常生活中的支持潜力。在结果指标方面,研究几乎一致聚焦于语言与社交能力的提升,涉及情绪能力的研究仅有1篇(Corbett et al.,2017),关注认知与执行功能的文献也仅占3篇。可见,现有PMIs研究在结果选择上存在明显的单一化倾向,对儿童全面发展的关注尚显不足。

综上,近十年的PMIs研究在设计方法、干预场景、同伴选择及结果指标上均展现出一定的集中趋势:其一,单一案例与随机对照试验构成主要设计路径,但对复杂教育生态的考察不足;其二,干预多发生在学校课堂,家庭与社区环境的参与有限;其三,结果指标高度集中于社交能力,而对认知、执行功能与情绪等多元能力的关注不足。这些特征既揭示了现有研究的成效与优势,也折射出其在满足融合教育新要求方面的不足。因此,我们迫切需要在传统同伴介入法的基础上,拓展干预目标、增加同伴形式、扩大收益群体,以实现真正的教育公平。

表 1 近十年同伴介入法实证研究的特征汇总

Table 1 Summary of characteristics of empirical studies on peer intervention methods over the past decade

分类维度 具体类别 文献
研究设计类型 多基线/探针设计(Multiple baseline/probe design) Aldabas, 2022; Amadi et al., 2022; Barber et al., 2016; Briet et al., 2023; Coogle et al., 2019; Hansen et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2021; Kemp et al., 2019; Kim, 2019; Krier & Lambros, 2021; Lee et al., 2022; Radley et al., 2017; Schaefer et al., 2018; Ziegler & Morrier, 2022
随机对照试验设(Randomized controlled trial design) Bauminger-Zviely et al., 2020; Corbett et al., 2016; Corbett et al., 2017; Kent et al., 2020; Kent et al., 2021; Parsons et al., 2019a; Parsons et al., 2019b; Parsons et al., 2020; Shire et al., 2020; Thiemann-Bourque et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2022
其他设计(如Alternating Treatments Design、Withdrawal/Reversal Design) Oh-Young et al., 2018; Rodríguez-Medina et al., 2016; Kent et al., 2018
主要干预场景 普通教室/多功能室 Bauminger-Zviely et al., 2020; Briet et al., 2023; Coogle et al., 2019; Corbett et al., 2017; Corbett et al., 2016; Hansen et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2021; Kemp et al., 2019; Krier & Lambros, 2021; Radley et al., 2017; Shire et al., 2020; Thiemann-Bourque et al., 2018; Oh-Young et al., 2018
体育场/课间室外 Aldabas, 2022; Amadi et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2022; Rodríguez-Medina et al., 2016; Ziegler & Morrier, 2022
诊疗室 Barber et al., 2016; Kent et al., 2018; Kent et al., 2020; Kent et al., 2021; Parsons et al., 2019a; Parsons et al., 2019b; Parsons et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022
多元场景 Kim, 2019; Schaefer et al., 2018
主要同伴类型 同龄典型发育儿童 Aldabas, 2022; Amadi et al., 2022; Barber et al., 2016; Briet et al., 2023; Coogle et al., 2019; Hansen et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2021; Kemp et al., 2019; Krier & Lambros, 2021; Lee et al., 2022; Radley et al., 2017; Schaefer et al., 2018; Ziegler & Morrier, 2022; Bauminger-Zviely et al., 2020; Corbett et al., 2016; Corbett et al., 2017; Parsons et al., 2019a; Parsons et al., 2019b; Shire et al., 2020; Thiemann-Bourque et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2022; Oh-Young et al., 2018; Rodríguez-Medina et al., 2016
兄弟姐妹等家庭成员 Kent et al., 2018; Kent et al., 2020; Kent et al., 2021;Parsons et al., 2020
社区朋友、邻居 Kim, 2019
主要结果指标 语言和社交能力 Aldabas, 2022; Amadi et al., 2022; Barber et al., 2016; Briet et al., 2023; Coogle et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2021; Kemp et al., 2019; Kim, 2019; Lee et al., 2022; Radley et al., 2017; Schaefer et al., 2018; Ziegler & Morrier, 2022; Bauminger-Zviely et al., 2020; Kent et al., 2020; Kent et al., 2021; Parsons et al., 2019a; Parsons et al., 2019b; Parsons et al., 2020; Shire et al., 2020; Thiemann-Bourque et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2022; Oh-Young et al., 2018; Rodríguez-Medina et al., 2016; Kent et al., 2018
情绪能力 Corbett et al., 2017
认知能力/执行功能 Corbett et al., 2016; Hansen et al., 2019; Krier & Lambros, 2021

4 同伴介入法促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童融合教育的研究展望

基于前文综述,尽管PMIs在促进ASD儿童的社会交往和融合参与方面展现出积极成效,但要满足融合教育“尊重差异、多元融合”的新要求,其发展仍需进一步拓展和深化。本文就同伴介入法的未来发展作以下展望。

4.1 拓展PMIs干预目标:从单一社交技能走向多元能力培养

尽管传统PMIs在提升ASD儿童的社交能力方面已展现出积极成效,但需要注意的是,社交障碍往往并非孤立存在,而是与认知功能缺陷和情绪问题紧密交织(Gaigg,2012)。Gaigg(2012)进一步指出,ASD儿童的社交障碍可能源于基本情绪加工系统与认知加工系统的交互异常,从而导致其难以有效处理现实环境中复杂且模糊的社会线索。这一发现表明:从现实意义而言,单纯聚焦于社交技能的干预不足以从根本上缓解ASD儿童在融合教育情境中的适应困难;从理论意义而言,仅关注社交行为的改善也无法完整揭示PMIs的作用
机制。

诚然,已有研究发现PMIs不仅能够促进ASD儿童的社交主动性,还能在一定程度上降低其焦虑水平(Corbett et al.,2017),但相关研究仍以社交领域为主,针对认知技能(如注意、执行功能)和情绪调节的探索仍相对匮乏(Chang & Locke,2016)。然而,融合教育的核心理念正是“尊重差异、多元发展”,这要求教育支持不仅限于社交层面,更应涵盖认知、情绪与心理健康等多重维度。因此,未来研究亟需拓展PMIs的应用边界,将其引入认知能力干预与情绪调节训练中,以实现真正意义上的全人支持与融合参与。

4.2 拓展PMIs的实施边界:从课堂延伸至家庭与社区

当前,大部分PMIs的融合教育实践仍主要集中于普通学校课堂场景,且同伴选择多局限于同班同学,而家庭成员与社区环境的参与明显不足。事实上,已有证据表明,家庭与社区作为PMIs的重要实施场域,能够提供更为自然化的社交互动情境和稳定的情感支持网络,从而显著促进ASD儿童的社会认知发展与技能泛化。与普通学校相对单一的教学环境相比,家庭和社区不仅在减轻社交压力方面具有独特优势,还能通过协同作用增强儿童的社会适应能力(Roberts et al.,2016)。

同时,父母作为家校合作的关键参与者,也是ASD儿童最常见的陪伴者(徐琴,琚四化,2016),却在传统PMIs研究中往往被忽视。Pacia 等(2022)的研究表明,父母介入不仅能够弥补学校干预在时间和空间上的局限,还能在多样化的日常情景(如用餐、游戏等)中持续促进ASD儿童的社会参与与语言沟通技能,从而提升干预的泛化效果。尽管与临床人员主导的结构化干预相比,父母介入模式在泛化成效上并未表现出绝对优势,但在自然环境中,其作用更贴近儿童的日常生活,能够培养更持久且可迁移的技能(Fuller & Kaiser,
2020)。

因此,要实现真正符合融合教育“尊重差异、多元发展”的价值取向,未来PMIs研究亟需突破传统的学校课堂局限,积极拓展至家庭与社区场景,并将同伴群体从同龄同学扩展到父母、兄弟姐妹乃至社区同伴。唯有如此,才能在更为广阔和多元的教育生态中满足ASD儿童的差异化需求,推动他们在真实社会情境中实现全面而有质量的融合。

4.3 深化方法学与机制探索:提升生态效度并揭示神经基础

既往关于PMIs针对ASD儿童的实证研究多采用单一案例设计(如多探针/基线设计、ABAB设计)或小样本随机对照实验。此类研究虽能在有限范围内验证干预成效,但其推广性与生态效度难以保障(Ragaglia et al.,2024)。此外,现有研究大多停留在行为层面,对于PMIs背后潜在的认知神经机制探讨仍相对匮乏。

因此,从方法学层面而言,未来研究亟需在扩大样本量的基础上,采用多元化的评估工具与更严谨的群体实验设计,以提升研究结论的普遍性与生态效度;从理论层面而言,应积极结合多模态认知神经科学手段(如超扫描技术、功能近红外成像等),探索ASD儿童在融合教育情境下学习困难、情绪障碍与社交缺陷背后的心理和神经机制。通过揭示这些机制及其发展轨迹特征,研究者不仅能够更全面地理解PMIs的作用机制,还能为精准化干预策略的设计提供坚实的科学
依据。

更为重要的是,这一方法学与理论的双重拓展,与融合教育“尊重差异、因材施教、多元发展”的核心理念高度契合。只有在行为与神经两个层面深入揭示ASD儿童在学习、情绪与社会适应方面的独特性,才能真正回应融合教育的新要求,并推动PMIs从单一社交技能训练走向面向多元能力发展的综合性干预。由此,未来PMIs的研究不仅要着眼于干预效果的验证,更需立足于融合教育的实践需求,构建兼具科学性、生态性与教育公平价值取向的干预体系。

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