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德沃金对罗尔斯平等理论的批判与重构

Dworkin’s Criticism and Reconstruction of Rawls’ Theory of Equality

Progress in Social Sciences / 2025,7(11): 865-869 / 2025-11-14 17 11

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• Authors: 房泽檬
• Information:

  上海政法学院，上海

• Keywords:
  Dworkin; Rawls; Justice; The relationship between freedom and equality
  德沃金; 罗尔斯; 正义; 自由与平等的关系
• Abstract: Equality is an intrinsic requirement of society, and both Rawls and Dworkin are significant legal scholars of neoliberalism. Examining their concepts of equality in detail reveals considerable differences. Rawls proposed two principles as guidelines for distribution and employed a series of corresponding distribution methods to construct the entire distribution system. Dworkin put forward a series of hypothetical constructs such as the ‘island auction,’ the ‘envy test,’ and the ‘virtual insurance market,’ developing his own model of just distribution to achieve equality. He argued that in order to achieve equality, we should adhere to the theory of ‘equality of starting points’ in distribution and oppose the ‘equality of outcomes’ pursued by welfare equality. He proposed the principles of importance equality and specific responsibility, and attempted to achieve equitable distribution of resources—and thereby realize the theoretical goals of ‘sensitive to ambition’ and ‘insensitive to endowment’—through the designs of island auctions and virtual insurance markets. 平等是社会的内在要求，罗尔斯和德沃金都是新自由主义的重要法学家。细究二者的平等理念，存在较大的差别。罗尔斯提出了两个原则作为分配的准则，并运用与此相适配的一系列分配方式来构建起整个分配体系。德沃金提出了“荒岛拍卖”“妒忌检验”“虚拟保险市场”等一系列假设，构建出了自己的正义分配模式以实现平等。他主张要实现平等就应该坚持“起点”平等的分配理论，反对福利平等所追求的“结果”平等；提出重要性平等原则和具体责任原则，并试图通知荒岛拍卖设计和虚拟保险市场两种路径实现资源的平等分配进而达成“敏于志向”和“钝于禀赋”这两个理论目标。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/pss.0711147 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 房泽檬．德沃金对罗尔斯平等理论的批判与重构［J］．社会科学进展，2025，7（11）：865-869.