International Open Access Journal Platform

我国传染病防治法律制度的现状检视与域外考察

Review of the Current Status of China’s Legal System for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Overseas Case Studies

Progress in Social Sciences / 2025,7(11): 946-952 / 2025-12-02 16 8

View Download PDF

• Authors: 刘依林
• Information:

  上海政法学院，上海

• Keywords:
  Prevention and control of infectious diseases; Surveillance system; Early warning mechanism; Preventive vaccination; Legal defects; Extraterritorial reference
  传染病防治; 监测制度; 预警机制; 预防接种; 法律缺陷; 域外借鉴
• Abstract: The legal system for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in China has evolved from its initial construction in the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China to a gradually refined and standardized system in the 21st century. In terms of the infectious disease monitoring system, the monitoring work has shifted from passive collection of case information in the early stage to active monitoring of diversified data sources, and a comprehensive and multi-level monitoring network has been established. The early warning system sets clear early warning thresholds for different types of infectious diseases to ensure timely and accurate triggering of early warning responses. The development of the vaccination system reflects the transformation from local immunization actions to national planning, and through strict management of vaccine procurement, vaccination site settings, and personnel training, the level of population immunity has been improved. The blood collection management system has been continuously strengthened, with strict regulations on blood donor recruitment, blood testing standards, and storage and transportation conditions to ensure the safety of clinical blood use. However, there are still significant shortcomings in the early warning legal regulation, which is one of the core systems. Currently, the early warning system faces problems such as vague legal standards for early warning thresholds, insufficient constraints on administrative discretion, and lack of procedural regulation, leading to difficulties in timely early warning responses or excessive intervention in practice. Through analyzing the statutory early warning elements of Japan’s Infectious Diseases Act and the collaborative discretionary constraint mechanism of the federal and state governments in the United States, an analytical framework of “threshold statutoryization - procedural legitimization -clarification of responsibilities and rights” is constructed. The study proposes that the quantitative standards for early warning thresholds should be refined, administrative hearing procedures should be added, and the boundaries between central and local early warning responsibilities should be defined in the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act, providing an operable path for the legalization of China’s infectious disease early warning system and filling the gap in micro-system research in the field of public health administrative law. In order to comprehensively enhance the ability to respond to infectious disease outbreaks and effectively safeguard public health rights and interests. 中国传染病防治法律制度经历了从建国初期的初步构建到21世纪逐步精细化、规范化的演变过程。在传染病监测制度方面，监测工作由早期的被动收集病例信息转向了多元化数据源的主动监测，并建立了全方位、多层次的监测网络。预警制度针对不同类型的传染病设定了明确的预警阈值，确保能够及时准确地触发预警响应。预防接种制度的发展历程体现了从局部免疫行动到全国性规划的转变，通过严格管理疫苗采购、接种点设置和人员培训等环节，提高了人群免疫水平。血液采集管理制度不断强化，从献血者招募、血液检测标准到储存运输条件都制定了严格的规范，保障临床用血安全。但核心制度之一的预警法律规制仍存在显著短板。当前预警制度面临预警阈值法律标准模糊、行政裁量权约束不足、程序规制缺失等问题，导致实践中易出现预警响应不及时或过度干预的困境。域外考察中，通过剖析日本《感染症法》的预警要件法定化、美国联邦—州协同的裁量约束机制等域外经验，构建“阈值法定化—程序正当化—权责明晰化”的分析框架。研究提出，应在《传染病防治法》中细化预警阈值的量化标准、增设行政听证程序、界定中央与地方预警职责边界，为我国传染病预警制度的法治化提供可操作路径，同时填补公共卫生行政法领域微观制度研究的空白。以全面提升应对传染病疫情的能力，切实维护公众健康权益。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/pss.0711160 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 刘依林．我国传染病防治法律制度的现状检视与域外考察［J］．社会科学进展，2025，7（11）：946-952.