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老年人“搭伴养老”的法律风险与优化路径

Legal Risks and Optimization Paths of Elderly Non-marital Cohabitation in China

任江, 王缇莹

Progress in Social Sciences / 2026,8(4): 341-347 / 2026-05-07 50 37

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• Information:

  温州大学法学院，温州

• Keywords:
  Formcompanion-based eldercare; Non-marital cohabitation; Voluntary guardianship; Right of habitation; Discretionary estate allocation
  搭伴养老; 非婚同居; 财产; 意定监护; 居住权
• Abstract: Amid China’s aging crisis and declining family-based elder care, “companionate cohabitation” has emerged as a pragmatic alternative for seniors. Lacking marital formalities, such arrangements fall outside spousal property regimes, intestate succession, and guardianship frameworks, exposing cohabitants to asset vulnerability, insecure tenure, and decision-making incapacity. This article proposes a tiered framework prioritizing financial security, presumed intent, and best interests of the elderly: (1) expanding “contribution” doctrines and liberalizing statutory estate claims; (2) strengthening grassroots institutional support for residential rights and establishing rebuttable presumptions of intent; (3) extending medical decision-making authority and reinforcing voluntary guardianship and legacy mechanisms within existing legal structures. 在我国老龄化程度持续加深、家庭养老功能弱化的背景下，“搭伴养老”已成为部分老年人的现实选择。该模式虽能缓解独居孤独、实现相互照料，但因缺乏婚姻登记形式，被排斥在夫妻财产制、法定继承、监护等制度之外，面临财产流失、居住权争议与监护失位等法律风险。对此，应以“老年人财产安全保障”“老年人意思表示推定”“老年人利益最大化”为递进目标，构建优化路径：财产层面，扩张“出资”“贡献”认定范围并明确按份共有适用，扩大解释遗产酌给权；居住权层面，强化基层组织协助职能并建立意思推定规则；监护层面，适当扩展医疗决策权，强化意定监护和遗赠制度，以期在现行法律框架下，切实保障“搭伴养老”老年人的合法权益。
• DOI: 10.35534/pss.0804060 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 任江，王缇莹．老年人“搭伴养老”的法律风险与优化路径［J］．社会科学进展，2026，8（4）：341-347.