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梦研究的主要理论与方法综述

A Review of the Major Theories and Methods in Dream Research

罗希

Theory and Practice of Psychological Counseling / 2026,8(7): 319-328 / 2026-07-22 13 5

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• Information:

  同济大学，上海

• Keywords:
  Dreams; Psychoanalysis; Content analysis; Neural basis; Free association
  梦; 精神分析; 内容分析; 神经基础; 自由联想
• Abstract: Dreams constitute an important object of inquiry shared by psychology, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience. Since Freud regarded dreams as an important pathway to understanding the unconscious, dream research has gradually developed along multiple theoretical and methodological lines. Based on the primary research questions, core forms of evidence, and explanatory aims of existing studies, this article identifies three major approaches in contemporary dream research: first, content-coding and quantitative research based on dream reports and dream databases; second, research on physiological mechanisms based on rapid eye movement sleep, electroencephalography, neuroimaging, and cases of brain injury; and third, psychoanalytically oriented empirical research centered on the meaning of dreams, repression, forgetting, and free association. The article discusses the basic paradigms, major contributions, and methodological limitations of each approach. It argues that dreams can neither be reduced to textual materials amenable to statistical analysis nor be regarded solely as the products of a particular brain region or stage of sleep. A more appropriate research strategy would be to preserve subjective experience and clinical meaning while integrating content analysis, physiological recording, qualitative interviews, and other methods in order to investigate the psychological functions of dreams comprehensively. 梦是心理学、精神分析与神经科学共同关注的重要研究对象。自弗洛伊德将梦视为理解无意识的重要途径以来，梦研究逐渐形成了多条不同的理论与方法路径。本文依据各类研究的首要问题、核心证据和解释目标，将当代梦研究概括为三种主要研究取向：一是以梦报告和数据库为材料的内容编码与量化研究；二是以快速眼动睡眠、脑电、神经影像和脑损伤个案为基础的生理机制研究；三是以梦的意义、压抑a、遗忘和自由联想为核心的精神分析取向实证研究。本文分别讨论三类研究的基本范式、主要贡献和方法局限，并指出梦既不能被简单还原为可统计的文本材料，也不能被完全等同于某种单一脑区或睡眠阶段的产物。更为合理的研究路径，是在保留主体经验与临床意义的基础上，结合内容分析、生理记录和质性访谈等方法，对梦的心理功能进行综合考察。
• DOI: 10.35534/tppc.0807038 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 罗希. (2026). 梦研究的主要理论与方法综述. 心理咨询理论与实践, 8(7), 319-328.