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实战中军人心理压力源及保护性因素的质性研究

A Qualitative Study on Psychological Stressors and Protective Factors of Military Personnel in Actual Combat

中国心理学前沿 / 2021,3(1)：51-57 / 2021-01-19 388 506

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• 作者： 钟珊     
• 单位：

  国防科技大学，长沙

• 关键词： 压力源；保护性因素；实战；质性研究；访谈
• stressors, protective factors, actual combat, qualitative research, interview
• 摘要： 目的：深入了解实战背景下参战官兵在战场上的压力感受及压力源，旨在找出战场心理压力的保护性因素，从而为部队平时教育训练、战前临战动员、战时压力管理提供参考依据。方法：采用非概率抽样法的方便抽样和以信息饱和为准则的滚雪球式抽样方法，共对 13 名老兵完成信息收集，访谈时长共计 23 小时，产生访谈文本 15 篇，转录文字 20 余万字。结果：通过过程分析，对战场压力源形成战前、战中和战后三个三级编码。通过要素分析，将战场心理压力的保护性因素归纳为个体因素、集体因素和环境因素三个三级编码。结论：军人在实战中感知到的压力及压力源依据战争进程发生变化，良好的个体因素、集体因素和环境因素对军人压力管理具有积极促进作用。部队在平时和战时应把握战场压力变化规律，贴近官兵心理需求，完善教育资源，创新工作方法。
• Objective: to find out the psychological stressors and the protective factors of psychological stress in the battlefield, and to provide reference for peacetime education and training, prewar mobilization and wartime stress management. Methods: Using the convenient sampling method of non-probability sampling and the snowball sampling method with the criterion of information saturation, the information was collected from 13 veterans who had participated in the War of counterattack in self-defense against Vietnam in 1979. The interview lasted for 23 hours and produced 15 pieces of interview texts with more than 200,000 words of transcription. Results: According to the process analysis, the stressors of battlefield were coded into three levels: pre-war, in-war and post-war. The pre-war stressors mainly included fighting in another country, fear of death and injury, anxiety of family members, anxiety of war situation, fear of enemy defense measures and shock brought by pre-war shelling; The stressors in the war mainly include extreme fatigue, bad living environment, exchanging fire with the enemy, obstruction of the war process, surprise attack by the enemy, witnessing the death of wounded comrades, personal injury or falling behind, being criticized and complained by superiors or comrades, and inadequate command by superiors; After the war, the main sources of pressure include the memory of comrades-in-arms, awards, adverse public opinion. Through factor analysis, the protective factors of battlefield psychological pressure are classified into three three-level codes: individual factor, collective factor and environmental factor. The individual factors include good military skills, excellent political quality, rich combat experience, smart action and calmness; Collective factors include the unity of officers and soldiers, deep friendship, good cooperation between military and political officers, effective command of superiors, effective combat training, and strong logistical support; Environmental factors include the nature of just war, strong national strength, local support for the army, family support and encouragement. Conclusion: The stress and stressor perceived by soldiers in actual combat changed according to the process of war. Good individual factors, collective factors and environmental factors played an active role in promoting the stress management of soldiers. The army’s political work should grasp the changing law of battlefield pressure, get close to the psychological needs of officers and soldiers, improve educational resources and innovate working methods both in peacetime and wartime.
• DOI： https://doi.org/10.35534/pc.0301008
• 引用： 钟珊．实战中军人心理压力源及保护性因素的质性研究［J］．中国心理学前沿，2021，3（1）：51-57．