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茧居风险视域下拒学青少年及其家庭特征调查

A Survey of School-refusing Adolescents and Their Family Characteristics: Perspectives on Hikikomori Risk

Psychology of China / 2025,7(11): 1531-1537 / 2025-12-01 74 48

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• Authors: 张春雨¹² 孟淼¹² 阮琳燕¹² 何丽¹²
• Information:

  1．北京联合大学师范学院，北京；
  2．北京联合大学儿童及青少年学习与心理发展研究所，北京

• Keywords:
  School refusal; Hikikomori; Family characteristics; Adolescent
  拒学; 茧居; 家庭特征; 青少年
• Abstract: Objective: To enhance understanding of school refusal behavior and its associated hikikomori risk among adolescents, and to fill gaps in foundational research data, this study investigated school-refusing adolescents and their families, aiming to characterize their profiles and analyze the hikikomori risk linked to school refusal. Methods: An online questionnaire survey was conducted with 221 families of school-refusing adolescents, collecting data on family structure, school refusal characteristics (onset grade, duration, severity), and hikikomori risk. Descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and correlational analysis were applied. Results: The families of school-refusing adolescents were predominantly nuclear families (children living only with parents, 66%) and extended families (children living with parents and grandparents, 20%). The ratio of only-child to non-only-child adolescents was approximately 3 ∶ 2. School refusal surged significantly from upper primary school grades, peaked in the second year of junior high school, and remained high from upper primary to the first year of senior high school. Two annual peaks were observed in March–April and September–October. Significant differences were found in school refusal severity and hikikomori risk across refusal durations (Ps<0.05). School refusal severity and hikikomori risk also varied significantly across grades (Ps<0.05). A significant positive correlation was identified between school refusal severity and hikikomori risk (r=0.42, p<0.001). Conclusion: School-refusing adolescents primarily reside in nuclear and extended families; onlychild status is common, but non-only-child cases warrant attention. School refusal exhibits grade-level and temporal sensitivity, with heightened risk during junior high school and seasonal peaks at the start of spring/autumn school terms. Prolonged school refusal correlates strongly with increased severity and hikikomori risk, underscoring the need for early intervention to mitigate long-term consequences. 目的：为增进对青少年拒学问题及其茧居风险的了解和关注、填充相关研究的基础数据，对拒学青少年及其家庭展开调查，概括其特征，分析拒学青少年的茧居风险。方法：以线上问卷的形式，对221个拒学青少年家庭展开调查，采集其家庭结构及拒学问题的起始学段、持续时间、严重程度和茧居风险，并对结果进行描述性统计、差异性分析与相关分析。结果：拒学青少年的家庭以核心家庭（子女仅与父母同住，占比66%）与扩展家庭（子女同父母及祖父母、外祖父母同住，占比20%）为主，青少年中独生子女为与非独生子女的比例约为3∶2。拒学问题从小学高年级开始出现明显的增多，于初二年级达到峰值，并在小学高年级至高一年级持续维持在高位，3～4月与9～10月为拒学问题出现的两个高峰期。不同拒学持续时间下的拒学严重程度和茧居风险均存在显著差异（均p<0.05）；不同学段下拒学的严重程度均存在显著差异（均p<0.05）。拒学严重程度与茧居风险之间存在显著正相关（r=0.42，p<0.001）。结论：拒学青少年的家庭以核心家庭与扩展家庭为主；青少年以独生子女为多数，但非独生子女的情况同样值得重视。拒学现象存在学段敏感性与时间敏感性，初中阶段尤其值得关注，问题高发期出现在春秋开学季。拒学问题与茧居问题存在显著的相关性，拒学持续时间越久，拒学严重程度越高、茧居风险越大。
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.35534/pc.0711247 (registering DOI)
• Cite: 张春雨, 孟淼, 阮琳燕, 何丽. (2025). 茧居风险视域下拒学青少年及其家庭特征调查. 中国心理学前沿, 7 (11), 1531-1537.